LIMIT / FETCH¶

Syntax¶

-- Postgres syntax
SELECT ...
FROM ...
[ ORDER BY ... ]
LIMIT <count> [ OFFSET <start> ]
[ ... ]

-- ANSI syntax
SELECT ...
FROM ...
[ ORDER BY ... ]
[ OFFSET <start> ] [ { ROW | ROWS } ] FETCH [ { FIRST | NEXT } ] <count> [ { ROW | ROWS } ] [ ONLY ]
[ ... ]

Usage Notes¶

• An ORDER BY clause is not required; however, without an ORDER BY clause, the results are non-deterministic because results within a result set are not necessarily in any particular order. To control the results returned, use an ORDER BY clause.

• count and start must be non-negative integer constants.

  • count specifies the number of rows returned.

    The values NULL, empty string (''), and $$$$ are also accepted and are treated as “unlimited”; this is useful primarily for connectors and drivers (such as the JDBC driver) if they receive an incomplete parameter list when dynamically binding parameters to a statement.

  • OFFSET start optionally specifies the row number after which the limited/fetched rows are returned. If OFFSET is omitted, the output starts from the first row in the result set.

    The values NULL, empty string ('') and $$$$ are also accepted and are treated as 0 (i.e. do not skip any rows); this is useful primarily for connectors and drivers (such as the JDBC driver) if they receive an incomplete parameter list when dynamically binding parameters to a statement.

• ONLY This optional keyword does not affect the output. It is merely for emphasis to the human reader.

• TOP <n> and LIMIT <count> are equivalent.

Examples¶

The following examples show the effect of LIMIT. For simplicity, these queries omit the ORDER BY clause and assume that the output order is always the same as shown by the first query. Real-world queries should include ORDER BY.

select c1 from testtable;

+------+
|   C1 |
|------|
|    1 |
|    2 |
|    3 |
|   20 |
|   19 |
|   18 |
|    1 |
|    2 |
|    3 |
|    4 |
| NULL |
|   30 |
| NULL |
+------+

select c1 from testtable limit 3 offset 3;

+----+
| C1 |
|----|
| 20 |
| 19 |
| 18 |
+----+

select c1 from testtable order by c1;

+------+
|   C1 |
|------|
|    1 |
|    1 |
|    2 |
|    2 |
|    3 |
|    3 |
|    4 |
|   18 |
|   19 |
|   20 |
|   30 |
| NULL |
| NULL |
+------+

select c1 from testtable order by c1 limit 3 offset 3;

+----+
| ID |
|----|
|  2 |
|  3 |
|  3 |
+----+

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The following example demonstrates the use of NULLs to indicate

• No limit to the number of rows.

• Start at row 1 (do not skip any rows)

  CREATE TABLE demo1 (i INTEGER);
  INSERT INTO demo1 (i) VALUES (1), (2);
  

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  SELECT * FROM demo1 ORDER BY i LIMIT NULL OFFSET NULL;
  +---+
  | I |
  |---|
  | 1 |
  | 2 |
  +---+
  

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  SELECT * FROM demo1 ORDER BY i LIMIT '' OFFSET '';
  +---+
  | I |
  |---|
  | 1 |
  | 2 |
  +---+
  

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  SELECT * FROM demo1 ORDER BY i LIMIT $$$$ OFFSET $$$$;
  +---+
  | I |
  |---|
  | 1 |
  | 2 |
  +---+
  

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