Categories:: Window Functions (Rank-related, Window Frame)

LAST_VALUE¶

Returns the last value within an ordered group of values.

See also:: FIRST_VALUE , NTH_VALUE

Syntax¶

LAST_VALUE( <expr> ) [ { IGNORE | RESPECT } NULLS ]
                     OVER ( [ PARTITION BY <expr1> ] ORDER BY <expr2> [ { ASC | DESC } ] [ <window_frame> ] )

For details about window_frame syntax, see Window Frame Syntax and Usage.

Arguments¶

expr

The expression that determines the return value.

expr1

The expression by which to partition the rows. You can specify a single expression or a comma-separated list of expressions. For example:

PARTITION BY column_1, column_2

expr2

The expression by which to order the rows. You can specify a single expression or a comma-separated list of expressions. For example:

ORDER BY column_3, column_4

Usage Notes¶

For compatibility with implementations of this function in other systems, { IGNORE | RESPECT } NULLS can also be specified in the arguments for the function:

LAST_VALUE( <expr> [ { IGNORE | RESPECT } NULLS ] ) OVER ...
If { IGNORE | RESPECT } NULLS is not specified, the default is RESPECT NULLS. For example, a NULL value is returned if the expression contains a NULL value and it is the last value in the expression.

This function is a rank-related function, so it must specify a window. A window clause consists of the following subclauses:
- PARTITION BY <expr1> subclause (optional).
- ORDER BY <expr2> subclause (required). For details about additional supported ordering options (sort order, ordering of NULL values, etc.), see the documentation for the ORDER BY query construct, which follows the same rules.
- window_frame subclause (optional).
The order of rows in a window (and thus the result of the query) is fully deterministic only if the keys in the ORDER BY clause make each row unique. Consider the following example:
```
... OVER (PARTITION BY p ORDER BY o COLLATE 'lower') ...
```
The query result can vary if any partition contains values of column o that are identical, or would be identical in a case-insensitive comparison.
The ORDER BY clause inside the OVER clause controls the order of rows only within the window, not the order of rows in the output of the entire query. To control output order, use a separate ORDER BY clause at the outermost level of the query.
The optional window_frame (cumulative or sliding) specifies the subset of rows within the window for which the function is calculated.
- For window frames, this function supports only ROWS-based window frames, not RANGE-based window frames.
  
  Supported
  
  ROWS BETWEEN ... AND ...
  
  Not supported
  
  RANGE BETWEEN ... AND ...
- If no window_frame is specified, the default is the entire window:
  
  ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING
  
  This differs from the ANSI standard, which specifies the following default for window frames:
  
  RANGE BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW
For more details about window frames, including syntax and examples, see Window Frame Syntax and Usage.

Examples¶

SELECT
    column1,
    column2,
    LAST_VALUE(column2) OVER (PARTITION BY column1 ORDER BY column2) AS column2_last
FROM VALUES
    (1, 10), (1, 11), (1, 12),
    (2, 20), (2, 21), (2, 22);

+---------+---------+--------------+
| COLUMN1 | COLUMN2 | COLUMN2_LAST |
|---------+---------+--------------|
|       1 |      10 |           12 |
|       1 |      11 |           12 |
|       1 |      12 |           12 |
|       2 |      20 |           22 |
|       2 |      21 |           22 |
|       2 |      22 |           22 |
+---------+---------+--------------+

The next query contrasts the outputs of FIRST_VALUE, NTH_VALUE, and LAST_VALUE. Note that:

The query creates a sliding window frame that is 3 rows wide, which contains:
- The row that precedes the current row.
- The current row.
- The row that follows the current row.
The 2 in the call NTH_VALUE(i, 2) specifies the second row in the window frame (which, in this case, is also the current row).
When the current row is the very first row in the window frame, there is no preceding row to reference, so FIRST_VALUE() returns a NULL for that row.

SELECT
        partition_col, order_col, i,
        FIRST_VALUE(i)  OVER (PARTITION BY partition_col ORDER BY order_col
            ROWS BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND 1 FOLLOWING) AS FIRST_VAL,
        NTH_VALUE(i, 2) OVER (PARTITION BY partition_col ORDER BY order_col
            ROWS BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND 1 FOLLOWING) AS NTH_VAL,
        LAST_VALUE(i)   OVER (PARTITION BY partition_col ORDER BY order_col
            ROWS BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND 1 FOLLOWING) AS LAST_VAL
    FROM demo1
    ORDER BY partition_col, i, order_col;
+---------------+-----------+---+-----------+---------+----------+
| PARTITION_COL | ORDER_COL | I | FIRST_VAL | NTH_VAL | LAST_VAL |
|---------------+-----------+---+-----------+---------+----------|
|             1 |         1 | 1 |      NULL |       1 |        2 |
|             1 |         2 | 2 |         1 |       2 |        3 |
|             1 |         3 | 3 |         2 |       3 |        4 |
|             1 |         4 | 4 |         3 |       4 |        5 |
|             1 |         5 | 5 |         4 |       5 |        5 |
|             2 |         1 | 1 |      NULL |       1 |        2 |
|             2 |         2 | 2 |         1 |       2 |        3 |
|             2 |         3 | 3 |         2 |       3 |        4 |
|             2 |         4 | 4 |         3 |       4 |        4 |
+---------------+-----------+---+-----------+---------+----------+