GRANT <privileges>¶

Grants one or more access privileges on a securable object to a role or database role. The privileges that can be granted are object-specific.

For information on granting privileges on securable objects to a share, see GRANT <privilege> … TO SHARE.

Roles:

The privileges that can be granted to roles are grouped into the following categories:

Global privileges.
Privileges for account objects, such as resource monitors, virtual warehouses, and databases.
Privileges for schemas.
Privileges for schema objects, such as tables, views, stages, file formats, UDFs, and sequences.

Database roles:

The privileges that can be granted to database roles are grouped into the following categories:

Privileges for the database that contains the database role.
Privileges for schemas in the database that contains the database role.
Privileges for schema objects, such as tables, views, stages, file formats, UDFs, and sequences in the database that contains the database role.

For more details about roles and securable objects, see Overview of Access Control.

Variations:: GRANT OWNERSHIP , GRANT <privilege> … TO SHARE
See also:: REVOKE <privileges>

Syntax¶

Account roles:

GRANT {  { globalPrivileges         | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ON ACCOUNT
       | { accountObjectPrivileges  | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ON { USER | RESOURCE MONITOR | WAREHOUSE | COMPUTE POOL | DATABASE | INTEGRATION | CONNECTION | FAILOVER GROUP | REPLICATION GROUP | EXTERNAL VOLUME } <object_name>
       | { schemaPrivileges         | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ON { SCHEMA <schema_name> | ALL SCHEMAS IN DATABASE <db_name> }
       | { schemaPrivileges         | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ON { FUTURE SCHEMAS IN DATABASE <db_name> }
       | { schemaObjectPrivileges   | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ON { <object_type> <object_name> | ALL <object_type_plural> IN { DATABASE <db_name> | SCHEMA <schema_name> } }
       | { schemaObjectPrivileges   | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ON FUTURE <object_type_plural> IN { DATABASE <db_name> | SCHEMA <schema_name> }
      }
  TO [ ROLE ] <role_name> [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

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Database roles:

GRANT {  { CREATE SCHEMA | MODIFY | MONITOR | USAGE } [ , ... ] } ON DATABASE <object_name>
       | { schemaPrivileges         | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ON { SCHEMA <schema_name> | ALL SCHEMAS IN DATABASE <db_name> }
       | { schemaPrivileges         | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ON { FUTURE SCHEMAS IN DATABASE <db_name> }
       | { schemaObjectPrivileges   | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ON { <object_type> <object_name> | ALL <object_type_plural> IN { DATABASE <db_name> | SCHEMA <schema_name> } }
       | { schemaObjectPrivileges   | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ON FUTURE <object_type_plural> IN { DATABASE <db_name> | SCHEMA <schema_name> }
      }
  TO DATABASE ROLE <database_role_name> [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

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Where:

globalPrivileges ::=
  {
      CREATE {
          ACCOUNT | APPLICATION | APPLICATION PACKAGE | COMPUTE POOL | DATA EXCHANGE LISTING
          | DATABASE | FAILOVER GROUP | INTEGRATION | NETWORK POLICY | EXTERNAL VOLUME
          | REPLICATION GROUP | ROLE | SHARE
       | USER | WAREHOUSE
      }
      | ATTACH POLICY | AUDIT | BIND SERVICE ENDPOINT
      | APPLY {
         { AGGREGATION | AUTHENTICATION | MASKING | PACKAGES | PASSWORD
           | PROJECTION | ROW ACCESS | SESSION } POLICY
         | TAG }
      | EXECUTE { ALERT | DATA METRIC FUNCTION | MANAGED ALERT | MANAGED TASK | TASK }
      | IMPORT SHARE
      | MANAGE { ACCOUNT SUPPORT CASES | EVENT SHARING | GRANTS | LISTING AUTO FULFILLMENT | ORGANIZATION SUPPORT CASES | USER SUPPORT CASES | WAREHOUSES }
      | MODIFY { LOG LEVEL | TRACE LEVEL | SESSION LOG LEVEL | SESSION TRACE LEVEL }
      | MONITOR { EXECUTION | SECURITY | USAGE }
      | OVERRIDE SHARE RESTRICTIONS | PURCHASE DATA EXCHANGE LISTING | RESOLVE ALL
      | READ SESSION
  }
  [ , ... ]

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accountObjectPrivileges ::=
-- For COMPUTE POOL
   { MODIFY | MONITOR | OPERATE | USAGE } [ , ... ]
-- For CONNECTION
   { FAILOVER } [ , ... ]
-- For DATABASE
   { APPLYBUDGET | CREATE { DATABASE ROLE | SCHEMA }
   | IMPORTED PRIVILEGES | MODIFY | MONITOR | USAGE } [ , ... ]
-- For EXTERNAL VOLUME
   { USAGE } [ , ... ]
-- For FAILOVER GROUP
   { FAILOVER | MODIFY | MONITOR | REPLICATE } [ , ... ]
-- For INTEGRATION
   { USAGE | USE_ANY_ROLE } [ , ... ]
-- For REPLICATION GROUP
   { MODIFY | MONITOR | REPLICATE } [ , ... ]
-- For RESOURCE MONITOR
   { MODIFY | MONITOR } [ , ... ]
-- For USER
   { MONITOR } [ , ... ]
-- For WAREHOUSE
   { APPLYBUDGET | MODIFY | MONITOR | USAGE | OPERATE } [ , ... ]

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schemaPrivileges ::=

    ADD SEARCH OPTIMIZATION | APPLYBUDGET
  | CREATE {
        ALERT | CORTEX SEARCH SERVICE | DATA METRIC FUNCTION | DATASET
      | EVENT TABLE | FILE FORMAT | FUNCTION
      | { GIT | IMAGE } REPOSITORY
      | MODEL | NETWORK RULE | NOTEBOOK | PIPE | PROCEDURE
      | { AGGREGATION | AUTHENTICATION | MASKING | PACKAGES
         | PASSWORD | PRIVACY | PROJECTION | ROW ACCESS | SESSION } POLICY
      | SECRET | SEQUENCE | SERVICE | SNAPSHOT | STAGE | STREAM | STREAMLIT
      | SNOWFLAKE.CORE.BUDGET
      | SNOWFLAKE.DATA_PRIVACY.CUSTOM_CLASSIFIER
      | SNOWFLAKE.ML.ANOMALY_DETECTION | SNOWFLAKE.ML.CLASSIFICATION
         | SNOWFLAKE.ML.FORECAST | SNOWFLAKE.ML.TOP_INSIGHTS
      | SNOWFLAKE.ML.DOCUMENT_INTELLIGENCE
      | [ { DYNAMIC | EXTERNAL | ICEBERG } ] TABLE
      | TAG | TASK | [ MATERIALIZED ] VIEW
      }
   | MODIFY | MONITOR | USAGE
   [ , ... ]

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schemaObjectPrivileges ::=
  -- For ALERT
     { MONITOR | OPERATE } [ , ... ]
 -- For APPLICATION PACKAGE
     { ATTACH LISTING | DEVELOP | INSTALL | MANAGE VERSIONS | MANAGE RELEASES } [ , ... ]
  -- For DATA METRIC FUNCTION
     USAGE [ , ... ]
  -- For DYNAMIC TABLE
     MONITOR, OPERATE, SELECT [ , ...]
  -- For EVENT TABLE
     { INSERT | SELECT | TRUNCATE } [ , ... ]
  -- For FILE FORMAT, FUNCTION (UDF or external function), MODEL, PROCEDURE, SECRET, SEQUENCE, or SNAPSHOT
     USAGE [ , ... ]
  -- For GIT REPOSITORY
     { READ, WRITE } [ , ... ]
  -- For HYBRID TABLE
     { APPLYBUDGET | DELETE | INSERT | REFERENCES | SELECT | TRUNCATE | UPDATE } [ , ... ]
  -- For IMAGE REPOSITORY
     { READ, WRITE } [ , ... ]
  -- For ICEBERG TABLE
     { APPLYBUDGET | DELETE | INSERT | REFERENCES | SELECT | TRUNCATE | UPDATE } [ , ... ]
  -- For PIPE
     { APPLYBUDGET | MONITOR | OPERATE } [ , ... ]
  -- For { AGGREGATION | AUTHENTICATION | MASKING | PACKAGES | PASSWORD | PRIVACY | PROJECTION | ROW ACCESS | SESSION } POLICY or TAG
     APPLY [ , ... ]
  -- For SECRET
     READ, USAGE [ , ... ]
  -- For SERVICE
     { MONITOR | OPERATE } [ , ... ]
  -- For external STAGE
     USAGE [ , ... ]
  -- For internal STAGE
     READ [ , WRITE ] [ , ... ]
  -- For STREAM
     SELECT [ , ... ]
  -- For STREAMLIT
     USAGE [ , ... ]
  -- For TABLE
     { APPLYBUDGET | DELETE | EVOLVE SCHEMA | INSERT | REFERENCES | SELECT | TRUNCATE | UPDATE } [ , ... ]
  -- For TAG
     READ
  -- For TASK
     { APPLYBUDGET | MONITOR | OPERATE } [ , ... ]
  -- For VIEW
     { REFERENCES | SELECT } [ , ... ]
  -- For MATERIALIZED VIEW
     { APPLYBUDGET | REFERENCES | SELECT } [ , ... ]

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For more details about the privileges supported for each object type, see Access control privileges.

Required parameters¶

object_name: Specifies the identifier for the object on which the privileges are granted.

object_type

Specifies the type of object for schema-level objects.

AGGREGATION POLICY
ALERT
AUTHENTICATION POLICY
CORTEX SEARCH SERVICE
DATA METRIC FUNCTION
DYNAMIC TABLE
EVENT TABLE
EXTERNAL TABLE
FILE FORMAT
FUNCTION
GIT REPOSITORY
HYBRID TABLE
IMAGE REPOSITORY
ICEBERG TABLE
MASKING POLICY
MATERIALIZED VIEW
MODEL
NETWORK RULE
NOTEBOOK
PACKAGES POLICY
PASSWORD POLICY
PIPE
PRIVACY POLICY
PROCEDURE
PROJECTION POLICY
ROW ACCESS POLICY
SECRET
SERVICE
SESSION POLICY
SEQUENCE
SNAPSHOT
STAGE
STREAM
STREAMLIT
TABLE
TAG
TASK
VIEW

object_type_plural

Plural form of object_type (e.g. TABLES, VIEWS).

Note that bulk grants on pipes are not allowed.

role_name

Specifies the identifier for the recipient role (i.e. the role to which the privileges are granted).

database_role_name

Specifies the identifier for the recipient database role (i.e. the role to which the privileges are granted). If the identifier is not fully qualified in the form of db_name.database_role_name, the command looks for the database role in the current database for the session.

All privileges are limited to the database that contains the database role, as well as other objects in the same database.

Optional parameters¶

FUTURE: Specifies that privileges are granted on new (i.e. future) database or schema objects of a specified type (e.g. tables or views) rather than existing objects. Note that future grants can be revoked at any time using REVOKE <privileges> with the ON FUTURE keywords; any privileges granted on existing objects are retained. For more information about future grants, see Future Grants on Database or Schema Objects in this topic.

WITH GRANT OPTION

If specified, allows the recipient role to grant the privileges to other roles.

Default: No value, which means the recipient role cannot grant the privileges to other roles.

Note

The WITH GRANT OPTION parameter does not support the IMPORTED PRIVILEGES privilege. For more information, see Granting privileges on an imported database.

Usage notes¶

Privileges cannot be granted or revoked directly on any class. You can, however, create an instance of a class and grant instance roles to an account role. Grant the CREATE <class_name> privilege on the schema to enable a role to create an instance of a class.
To grant the OWNERSHIP privilege on an object (or all objects of a specified type in a schema) to a role, transferring ownership of the object from one role to another role, use GRANT OWNERSHIP instead. The GRANT OWNERSHIP command has a different syntax.
Multiple privileges can be specified for the same object type in a single GRANT statement (with each privilege separated by commas), or the special ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] keyword can be used to grant all applicable privileges to the specified object type. Note, however, that only privileges held and grantable by the role executing the GRANT command are actually granted to the target role. A warning message is returned for any privileges that could not be granted.
- You cannot specify this keyword for tags.
- This keyword does not grant privileges on a class if you try to grant ALL privileges on a schema. To allow a role to create instances of a particular class, grant the CREATE privilege directly as shown in the Classes example.
Privileges granted to a particular role are automatically inherited by any other roles to which the role is granted, as well as any other higher-level roles within the role hierarchy. For more details, see Overview of Access Control.
For databases, the IMPORTED PRIVILEGES privilege only applies to shared databases (i.e. databases created from a share). For more details, see Consume imported data. Note that the IMPORTED PRIVILEGES privilege cannot be granted to a database role.
For schemas and objects in schemas, an ALL object_type_plural in container option is provided to grant privileges on all objects of the same type within the container (i.e. database or schema). This is a convenience option; internally, the command is expanded into a series of individual GRANT commands on each object. Only objects that currently exist within the container are affected.

However, note that, in the Snowflake model, bulk granting of privileges is not a recommended practice. Instead, Snowflake recommends creating a shared role and using the role to create objects that are automatically accessible to all users who have been granted the role.

You cannot specify ALL TAGS or ALL MASKING POLICIES.
In managed access schemas:
- The OWNERSHIP privilege on objects can only be transferred to a subordinate role of the schema owner.
For stages:
- USAGE only applies to external stages.
- READ | WRITE only applies to internal stages. In addition, to grant the WRITE privilege on an internal stage, the READ privilege must first be granted on the stage.
For more details about external and internal stages, see CREATE STAGE.
When granting privileges on an individual UDF or stored procedure, you must specify the data types of the arguments, if any, using the syntax shown below:
```
<udf_or_stored_procedure_name> ( [ <arg_data_type> [ , ... ] ] )
```
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Snowflake uses argument data types to resolve UDFs or stored procedures that have the same name within a schema. For more information, see Overloading procedures and functions.
For dynamic tables, the receiving role must be granted the USAGE privilege on the database and schema that contains the dynamic table, and on the warehouse used to refresh the table. For more information, see Dynamic table access control.

Access control requirements¶

Granting privileges on individual objects:

In general, a role with any one of the following sets of privileges can grant privileges on an object to other roles:

The global MANAGE GRANTS privilege.

Only the SECURITYADMIN and ACCOUNTADMIN system roles have the MANAGE GRANTS privilege; however, the privilege can be granted to custom roles.
The OWNERSHIP privilege on the object. When granting privileges on schema objects (e.g. tables and views), the role must also have the USAGE privilege on the parent database and schema.
If a privilege was granted to a role with the WITH GRANT OPTION parameter included in the GRANT <privileges> … TO ROLE statement, the role can grant the same privilege to other roles.

In managed access schemas (i.e. schemas created using the CREATE SCHEMA … WITH MANAGED ACCESS syntax), object owners lose the ability to make grant decisions. Only the schema owner (i.e. the role with the OWNERSHIP privilege on the schema) or a role with the global MANAGE GRANTS privilege can grant privileges on objects in the schema.

Note that a role that holds the global MANAGE GRANTS privilege can grant additional privileges to the current (grantor) role.

Defining grants on future objects of a specified type:

Database level

The global MANAGE GRANTS privilege is required to grant privileges on future objects in a database. Only the SECURITYADMIN and ACCOUNTADMIN system roles have the MANAGE GRANTS privilege; however, the privilege can be granted to custom roles.

Schema level

In managed access schemas (i.e. schemas created using the CREATE SCHEMA … WITH MANAGED ACCESS syntax), either the schema owner (i.e. the role with the OWNERSHIP privilege on the schema) or a role with the global MANAGE GRANTS privilege can grant privileges on future objects in the schema.

In standard schemas, the global MANAGE GRANTS privilege is required to grant privileges on future objects in the schema.

For more information about defining grants on future objects of a specified type, see Future Grants on Database or Schema Objects (in this topic).

Future grants on database or schema objects¶

The notes in this section apply when assigning future grants on objects in a schema or a database; i.e. when using the ON FUTURE keyword.

For more information, see managed access schemas.

Considerations¶

When future grants are defined on the same object type for a database and a schema in the same database, the schema-level grants take precedence over the database level grants, and the database level grants are ignored. This behavior applies to privileges on future objects granted to one role or different roles.

For example, the following statements grant different privileges on objects of the same type at the database and schema levels.

Grant the SELECT privilege on all future tables in database d1 to role r1. This grant gives access to all future tables in all schemas in d1:
```
GRANT SELECT ON FUTURE TABLES IN DATABASE d1 TO ROLE r1;
```
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Grant the INSERT and DELETE privileges on all future tables only in the d1.s1 schema to role r2.
```
GRANT INSERT,DELETE ON FUTURE TABLES IN SCHEMA d1.s1 TO ROLE r2;
```
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The future grants assigned to the r1 role are ignored completely. When new table are created in schema d1.s1, only the future privileges defined on tables for the r2 role are granted.
Database level future grants apply to both regular and managed access schemas.

Restrictions and limitations¶

No more than one future grant of the OWNERSHIP privilege is allowed on each securable object type.

Future grants cannot be defined on objects of the following types:
- Compute pool
- External function
- Image repository
- Policy objects:
  - Aggregation policy
  - Masking policy
  - Packages policy
  - Projection policy
  - Row access policy
  - Session policy
- Snapshot
- Tag

A future grant of the OWNERSHIP privilege on objects of a specified type in a database do not apply to new objects in a managed access schema.
The following restrictions apply to future grants on objects in a managed access schema:
- A future grant of the OWNERSHIP privilege on objects can only be applied to a subordinate role of the schema owner (i.e. the role that has the OWNERSHIP privilege on the schema).
- Before ownership of a managed access schema can be transferred to a different role, all open future grants of the OWNERSHIP privilege must be revoked using REVOKE <privileges> with the ON FUTURE keywords.
Future grants are not applied when renaming or swapping a table.
Future grants are supported on named stages with the following restrictions:
- The WRITE privilege cannot be specified without the READ privilege.
- The READ privilege cannot be revoked if the WRITE privilege is present.
- For internal stages, only future grants with the READ or WRITE privilege are materialized.
- For external stages, only future grants with the USAGE privileges are materialized.

Examples¶

Roles¶

Grant the necessary privileges to operate (i.e. suspend or resume) the report_wh warehouse to the analyst role:

GRANT OPERATE ON WAREHOUSE report_wh TO ROLE analyst;

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Same as previous example, but also allow the analyst role to grant the privilege to other roles:

GRANT OPERATE ON WAREHOUSE report_wh TO ROLE analyst WITH GRANT OPTION;

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Grant the SELECT privilege on all existing tables in the mydb.myschema schema to the analyst role:

GRANT SELECT ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA mydb.myschema to ROLE analyst;

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Grant all privileges on two UDFs in the mydb.myschema schema to the analyst role:

GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON FUNCTION mydb.myschema.add5(number) TO ROLE analyst;

GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON FUNCTION mydb.myschema.add5(string) TO ROLE analyst;
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Note that the UDFs have different arguments, which is how Snowflake uniquely identifies UDFs with the same name. For more details about UDF naming, see User-defined functions overview.

Grant usage privilege on a stored procedure in the mydb.myschema schema to the analyst role:

GRANT USAGE ON PROCEDURE mydb.myschema.myprocedure(number) TO ROLE analyst;
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Note that stored procedure names (like UDF names) can be overloaded, so you must specify the data type of the arguments(s). For more details about name overloading, see Overloading procedures and functions.

Grant the privilege to create materialized views in the specified schema:

GRANT CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW ON SCHEMA mydb.myschema TO ROLE myrole;

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Grant the SELECT and INSERT privileges on all future tables created in the mydb.myschema schema to the role1 role:

GRANT SELECT,INSERT ON FUTURE TABLES IN SCHEMA mydb.myschema
TO ROLE role1;

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Grant the USAGE privilege on all future schemas in the mydb database to the role1 role:

use role accountadmin;

grant usage on future schemas in database mydb to role role1;

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Database roles¶

Grant the SELECT privilege on all existing tables in the mydb.myschema schema to the mydb.dr1 database role:

GRANT SELECT ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA mydb.myschema
  TO DATABASE ROLE mydb.dr1;

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Grant all privileges on two UDFs in the mydb.myschema schema to the mydb.dr1 database role:

GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON FUNCTION mydb.myschema.add5(number)
  TO DATABASE ROLE mydb.dr1;

GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON FUNCTION mydb.myschema.add5(string)
  TO DATABASE ROLE mydb.dr1;
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Note that the UDFs have different arguments, which is how Snowflake uniquely identifies UDFs with the same name. For more details about UDF naming, see User-defined functions overview.

Grant usage privilege on a stored procedure in the mydb.myschema schema to the mydb.dr1 database role:

GRANT USAGE ON PROCEDURE mydb.myschema.myprocedure(number)
  TO DATABASE ROLE mydb.dr1;
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Note that stored procedure names (like UDF names) can be overloaded, so you must specify the data type of the arguments(s). For more details about overloading stored procedures, see Overloading procedures and functions.

Grant the privilege to create materialized views in the specified schema to the mydb.dr1 database role:

GRANT CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW ON SCHEMA mydb.myschema
  TO DATABASE ROLE mydb.dr1;

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Grant the SELECT and INSERT privileges on all future tables created in the mydb.myschema schema to the mydb.dr1 database role:

GRANT SELECT,INSERT ON FUTURE TABLES IN SCHEMA mydb.myschema
  TO DATABASE ROLE mydb.dr1;

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Grant the USAGE privilege on all future schemas in the mydb database to the role1 role:

USE ROLE ACCOUNTADMIN;

GRANT USAGE ON FUTURE SCHEMAS IN DATABASE mydb
  TO DATABASE ROLE mydb.dr1;

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Classes¶

To allow an account role to create budgets in a schema, grant the CREATE SNOWFLAKE.CORE.BUDGET privilege on the schema to the role:

USE ROLE ACCOUNTADMIN;

GRANT CREATE SNOWFLAKE.CORE.BUDGET ON SCHEMA budgets_db.budgets_schema
  TO ROLE budget_admin;

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To allow an account role to create an ML Function model or instance (forecast, anomaly detection, or classification) in a schema, grant the appropriate privilege on the schema to the role. The following privileges are available.

CREATE SNOWFLAKE.ML.ANOMALY_DETECTION
CREATE SNOWFLAKE.ML.CLASSIFICATION
CREATE SNOWFLAKE.ML.FORECAST
CREATE SNOWFLAKE.ML.TOP_INSIGHTS