LAG¶

Syntax¶

LAG ( <expr> [ , <offset> , <default> ] ) [ { IGNORE | RESPECT } NULLS ]
    OVER ( [ PARTITION BY <expr1> ] ORDER BY <expr2> [ { ASC | DESC } ] )

Arguments¶

expr

The expression to be returned based on the specified offset.

offset

The number of rows backward from the current row from which to obtain a value. For example, an offset of 2 returns the expr value with an interval of 2 rows.

Note that setting a negative offset has the same effect as using the LEAD function.

Default is 1.

default

The expression to return when the offset goes out of the bounds of the window. Supports any expression whose type is compatible with expr.

Default is NULL.

{ IGNORE | RESPECT } NULLS

Whether to ignore or respect NULL values when an expr contains NULL values:

• IGNORE NULLS excludes any row whose expression evaluates to NULL when offset rows are counted.

• RESPECT NULLS includes any row whose expression evaluates to NULL when offset rows are counted.

Default: RESPECT NULLS

Usage notes¶

• The PARTITION BY clause partitions the result set produced by the FROM clause into partitions to which the function is applied. For more information, see Window function syntax and usage.

• The ORDER BY clause orders the data within each partition.

Examples¶

Create the table and load the data:

CREATE OR REPLACE TABLE sales(
  emp_id INTEGER,
  year INTEGER,
  revenue DECIMAL(10,2));

INSERT INTO sales VALUES
  (0, 2010, 1000),
  (0, 2011, 1500),
  (0, 2012, 500),
  (0, 2013, 750);
INSERT INTO sales VALUES
  (1, 2010, 10000),
  (1, 2011, 12500),
  (1, 2012, 15000),
  (1, 2013, 20000);
INSERT INTO sales VALUES
  (2, 2012, 500),
  (2, 2013, 800);

This query shows the difference between this year’s revenue and the previous year’s revenue:

SELECT emp_id, year, revenue,
       revenue - LAG(revenue, 1, 0) OVER (PARTITION BY emp_id ORDER BY year) AS diff_to_prev
  FROM sales
  ORDER BY emp_id, year;

+--------+------+----------+--------------+
| EMP_ID | YEAR |  REVENUE | DIFF_TO_PREV |
|--------+------+----------+--------------|
|      0 | 2010 |  1000.00 |      1000.00 |
|      0 | 2011 |  1500.00 |       500.00 |
|      0 | 2012 |   500.00 |     -1000.00 |
|      0 | 2013 |   750.00 |       250.00 |
|      1 | 2010 | 10000.00 |     10000.00 |
|      1 | 2011 | 12500.00 |      2500.00 |
|      1 | 2012 | 15000.00 |      2500.00 |
|      1 | 2013 | 20000.00 |      5000.00 |
|      2 | 2012 |   500.00 |       500.00 |
|      2 | 2013 |   800.00 |       300.00 |
+--------+------+----------+--------------+

Create another table and load the data:

CREATE OR REPLACE TABLE t1 (
  col_1 NUMBER,
  col_2 NUMBER);

INSERT INTO t1 VALUES
  (1, 5),
  (2, 4),
  (3, NULL),
  (4, 2),
  (5, NULL),
  (6, NULL),
  (7, 6);

This query shows how the IGNORE NULLS clause affects the output. All rows (except the first) contain non-NULL values even if the preceding row contained NULL. If the preceding row contained NULL, then the current row uses the most recent non-NULL value.

SELECT col_1,
       col_2,
       LAG(col_2) IGNORE NULLS OVER (ORDER BY col_1)
  FROM t1
  ORDER BY col_1;

+-------+-------+-----------------------------------------------+
| COL_1 | COL_2 | LAG(COL_2) IGNORE NULLS OVER (ORDER BY COL_1) |
|-------+-------+-----------------------------------------------|
|     1 |     5 |                                          NULL |
|     2 |     4 |                                             5 |
|     3 |  NULL |                                             4 |
|     4 |     2 |                                             4 |
|     5 |  NULL |                                             2 |
|     6 |  NULL |                                             2 |
|     7 |     6 |                                             2 |
+-------+-------+-----------------------------------------------+