Categories:: Conversion functions , Semi-structured and structured data functions (Cast)

TO_JSON¶

Converts a VARIANT value to a string containing the JSON representation of the value.

Syntax¶

TO_JSON( <expr> )

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Arguments¶

expr: An expression of type VARIANT that holds valid JSON information.

Returns¶

Returns a value of type VARCHAR.

If the input is NULL, the function returns NULL.

Usage notes¶

If the input is NULL, the output is also NULL. If the input is a VARIANT that contains JSON null, then the returned value is the string "null" (i.e. the word “null” surrounded by double quotes). See the example below.
A JSON object (also called a “dictionary” or a “hash”) is an unordered set of key-value pairs. When TO_JSON produces a string, the order of the key-value pairs in that string is not predictable.

TO_JSON and PARSE_JSON are (almost) converse or reciprocal functions.
- The PARSE_JSON function takes a string as input and returns a JSON-compatible VARIANT.
- The TO_JSON function takes a JSON-compatible VARIANT and returns a string.
The following is (conceptually) true if X is a string containing valid JSON:

X = TO_JSON(PARSE_JSON(X));

For example, the following is (conceptually) true:

'{"pi":3.14,"e":2.71}' = TO_JSON(PARSE_JSON('{"pi":3.14,"e":2.71}'))

However, the functions are not perfectly reciprocal because:
- Empty strings, and strings with only whitespace, are not handled reciprocally. For example, the return value of PARSE_JSON('') is NULL, but the return value of TO_JSON(NULL) is NULL, not the reciprocal ''.
- The order of the key-value pairs in the string produced by TO_JSON is not predictable.
- The string produced by TO_JSON can have less whitespace than the string passed to PARSE_JSON.
For example, the following are equivalent JSON, but not equivalent strings:
- {"pi": 3.14, "e": 2.71}
- {"e":2.71,"pi":3.14}

Examples¶

The following examples use the TO_JSON function.

Inserting VARIANT values and converting them to strings with a query¶

Create and fill a table. The INSERT statement uses the PARSE_JSON function to insert a VARIANT value in the v column of the table.

CREATE OR REPLACE TABLE jdemo1 (v VARIANT);
INSERT INTO jdemo1 SELECT PARSE_JSON('{"food":"bard"}');

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Query the data and use the TO_JSON function to convert the VARIANT value to a string.

SELECT v, v:food, TO_JSON(v) FROM jdemo1;

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+------------------+--------+-----------------+
| V                | V:FOOD | TO_JSON(V)      |
|------------------+--------+-----------------|
| {                | "bard" | {"food":"bard"} |
|   "food": "bard" |        |                 |
| }                |        |                 |
+------------------+--------+-----------------+

Handling NULL values with the PARSE_JSON and TO_JSON functions¶

The following example shows how PARSE_JSON and TO_JSON handle NULL values:

SELECT TO_JSON(NULL), TO_JSON('null'::VARIANT),
       PARSE_JSON(NULL), PARSE_JSON('null');

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+---------------+--------------------------+------------------+--------------------+
| TO_JSON(NULL) | TO_JSON('NULL'::VARIANT) | PARSE_JSON(NULL) | PARSE_JSON('NULL') |
|---------------+--------------------------+------------------+--------------------|
| NULL          | "null"                   | NULL             | null               |
+---------------+--------------------------+------------------+--------------------+

Comparing PARSE_JSON and TO_JSON¶

The following examples demonstrate the relationship between the PARSE_JSON and TO_JSON functions.

This example creates a table with a VARCHAR column and a VARIANT column. The INSERT statement inserts a VARCHAR value, and the UPDATE statement generates a JSON value that corresponds with that VARCHAR value.

CREATE OR REPLACE TABLE jdemo2 (
  varchar1 VARCHAR, 
  variant1 VARIANT);

INSERT INTO jdemo2 (varchar1) VALUES ('{"PI":3.14}');

UPDATE jdemo2 SET variant1 = PARSE_JSON(varchar1);

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This query shows that TO_JSON and PARSE_JSON are conceptually reciprocal functions:

SELECT varchar1, 
       PARSE_JSON(varchar1), 
       variant1, 
       TO_JSON(variant1),
       PARSE_JSON(varchar1) = variant1, 
       TO_JSON(variant1) = varchar1
  FROM jdemo2;

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+-------------+----------------------+--------------+-------------------+---------------------------------+------------------------------+
| VARCHAR1    | PARSE_JSON(VARCHAR1) | VARIANT1     | TO_JSON(VARIANT1) | PARSE_JSON(VARCHAR1) = VARIANT1 | TO_JSON(VARIANT1) = VARCHAR1 |
|-------------+----------------------+--------------+-------------------+---------------------------------+------------------------------|
| {"PI":3.14} | {                    | {            | {"PI":3.14}       | True                            | True                         |
|             |   "PI": 3.14         |   "PI": 3.14 |                   |                                 |                              |
|             | }                    | }            |                   |                                 |                              |
+-------------+----------------------+--------------+-------------------+---------------------------------+------------------------------+

However, the functions are not exactly reciprocal. Differences in whitespace or in the order of key-value pairs can prevent the output from matching the input. For example:

SELECT TO_JSON(PARSE_JSON('{"b":1,"a":2}')),
       TO_JSON(PARSE_JSON('{"b":1,"a":2}')) = '{"b":1,"a":2}',
       TO_JSON(PARSE_JSON('{"b":1,"a":2}')) = '{"a":2,"b":1}';

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+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
| TO_JSON(PARSE_JSON('{"B":1,"A":2}')) | TO_JSON(PARSE_JSON('{"B":1,"A":2}')) = '{"B":1,"A":2}' | TO_JSON(PARSE_JSON('{"B":1,"A":2}')) = '{"A":2,"B":1}' |
|--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------|
| {"a":2,"b":1}                        | False                                                  | True                                                   |
+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+