ALTER TABLE¶

Syntax¶

ALTER TABLE [ IF EXISTS ] <name> RENAME TO <new_table_name>

ALTER TABLE [ IF EXISTS ] <name> SWAP WITH <target_table_name>

ALTER TABLE [ IF EXISTS ] <name> { clusteringAction | tableColumnAction | constraintAction  }

ALTER TABLE [ IF EXISTS ] <name> extTableColumnAction

ALTER TABLE [ IF EXISTS ] <name> searchOptimizationAction

ALTER TABLE [ IF EXISTS ] <name> SET
  [ STAGE_FILE_FORMAT = ( { FORMAT_NAME = '<file_format_name>' | TYPE = { CSV | JSON | AVRO | ORC | PARQUET | XML } [ formatTypeOptions ] } ) ]
  [ STAGE_COPY_OPTIONS = ( copyOptions ) ]
  [ DATA_RETENTION_TIME_IN_DAYS = <integer> ]
  [ MAX_DATA_EXTENSION_TIME_IN_DAYS = <integer> ]
  [ CHANGE_TRACKING = { TRUE | FALSE  } ]
  [ DEFAULT_DDL_COLLATION = '<collation_specification>' ]
  [ ENABLE_SCHEMA_EVOLUTION = { TRUE | FALSE } ]
  [ COMMENT = '<string_literal>' ]

ALTER TABLE [ IF EXISTS ] <name> SET TAG <tag_name> = '<tag_value>' [ , <tag_name> = '<tag_value>' ... ]

ALTER TABLE [ IF EXISTS ] <name> UNSET TAG <tag_name> [ , <tag_name> ... ]

ALTER TABLE [ IF EXISTS ] <name> UNSET {
                                       DATA_RETENTION_TIME_IN_DAYS         |
                                       MAX_DATA_EXTENSION_TIME_IN_DAYS     |
                                       CHANGE_TRACKING                     |
                                       DEFAULT_DDL_COLLATION               |
                                       ENABLE_SCHEMA_EVOLUTION             |
                                       COMMENT                             |
                                       }
                                       [ , ... ]
ALTER TABLE [ IF EXISTS ] <name>
  ADD ROW ACCESS POLICY <policy_name> ON (<col_name> [ , ... ])

ALTER TABLE [ IF EXISTS ] <name>
  DROP ROW ACCESS POLICY <policy_name>

ALTER TABLE [ IF EXISTS ] <name>
  DROP ROW ACCESS POLICY <policy_name>,
  ADD ROW ACCESS POLICY <policy_name> ON (<col_name> [ , ... ])

ALTER TABLE [ IF EXISTS ] <name> DROP ALL ROW ACCESS POLICIES

Where:

clusteringAction ::=
  {
     CLUSTER BY ( <expr> [ , <expr> , ... ] )
   | RECLUSTER [ MAX_SIZE = <budget_in_bytes> ] [ WHERE <condition> ]
     /* RECLUSTER is deprecated */
   | { SUSPEND | RESUME } RECLUSTER
   | DROP CLUSTERING KEY
  }

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tableColumnAction ::=
  {
     ADD [ COLUMN ] <col_name> <col_type>
        [ { DEFAULT <expr> | { AUTOINCREMENT | IDENTITY } [ { ( <start_num> , <step_num> ) | START <num> INCREMENT <num> } ] } ]
                            /* AUTOINCREMENT (or IDENTITY) supported only for columns with numeric data types (NUMBER, INT, FLOAT, etc.). */
                            /* Also, if the table is not empty (i.e. rows exist in the table), only DEFAULT can be altered.               */
        [ inlineConstraint ]
        [ [ WITH ] MASKING POLICY <policy_name> [ USING ( <col1_name> , cond_col_1 , ... ) ] ]
        [ [ WITH ] TAG ( <tag_name> = '<tag_value>' [ , <tag_name> = '<tag_value>' , ... ] ) ]
   | RENAME COLUMN <col_name> TO <new_col_name>

   | ALTER | MODIFY [ ( ]
                            [ COLUMN ] <col1_name> DROP DEFAULT
                          , [ COLUMN ] <col1_name> SET DEFAULT <seq_name>.NEXTVAL
                          , [ COLUMN ] <col1_name> { [ SET ] NOT NULL | DROP NOT NULL }
                          , [ COLUMN ] <col1_name> [ [ SET DATA ] TYPE ] <type>
                          , [ COLUMN ] <col1_name> COMMENT '<string>'
                          , [ COLUMN ] <col1_name> UNSET COMMENT
                        [ , [ COLUMN ] <col2_name> ... ]
                        [ , ... ]
                    [ ) ]

   | ALTER | MODIFY COLUMN <col1_name> SET MASKING POLICY <policy_name> [ USING ( <col1_name> , cond_col_1 , ... ) ]
                                                                        [ FORCE ]

   | ALTER MODIFY COLUMN <col1_name> UNSET MASKING POLICY

   | ALTER | MODIFY
                      [ COLUMN ] <col1_name> SET TAG <tag_name> = '<tag_value>' [ , <tag_name> = '<tag_value>' ... ]
                    , [ COLUMN ] <col2_name> SET TAG <tag_name> = '<tag_value>' [ , <tag_name> = '<tag_value>' ... ]
                    ...

   | ALTER | MODIFY
                      COLUMN <col1_name> UNSET TAG <tag_name> [ , <tag_name> ... ]
                    , COLUMN <col2_name> UNSET TAG <tag_name> [ , <tag_name> ... ]
                    ...

   | DROP [ COLUMN ] <col1_name> [, <col2_name> ... ]
  }

  inlineConstraint ::=
    [ NOT NULL ]
    [ CONSTRAINT <constraint_name> ]
    { UNIQUE | PRIMARY KEY | { [ FOREIGN KEY ] REFERENCES <ref_table_name> [ ( <ref_col_name> ) ] } }
    [ <constraint_properties> ]

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For detailed syntax and examples for altering columns, see ALTER TABLE … ALTER COLUMN. .

For detailed syntax and examples for creating/altering inline constraints, see CREATE | ALTER TABLE … CONSTRAINT.

extTableColumnAction ::=
  {
     ADD [ COLUMN ] <col_name> <col_type> AS ( <expr> )

   | RENAME COLUMN <col_name> TO <new_col_name>

   | DROP [ COLUMN ] <col1_name> [, <col2_name> ... ]
  }

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constraintAction ::=
  {
     ADD outoflineConstraint
   | RENAME CONSTRAINT <constraint_name> TO <new_constraint_name>
   | { ALTER | MODIFY } { CONSTRAINT <constraint_name> | PRIMARY KEY | UNIQUE | FOREIGN KEY } ( <col_name> [ , ... ] )
                         [ [ NOT ] ENFORCED ] [ VALIDATE | NOVALIDATE ] [ RELY | NORELY ]
   | DROP { CONSTRAINT <constraint_name> | PRIMARY KEY | UNIQUE | FOREIGN KEY } ( <col_name> [ , ... ] )
                         [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
  }

  outoflineConstraint ::=
    [ CONSTRAINT <constraint_name> ]
    {
       UNIQUE [ ( <col_name> [ , <col_name> , ... ] ) ]
     | PRIMARY KEY [ ( <col_name> [ , <col_name> , ... ] ) ]
     | [ FOREIGN KEY ] [ ( <col_name> [ , <col_name> , ... ] ) ]
                          REFERENCES <ref_table_name> [ ( <ref_col_name> [ , <ref_col_name> , ... ] ) ]
    }
    [ <constraint_properties> ]

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For detailed syntax and examples for creating/altering out-of-line constraints, see CREATE | ALTER TABLE … CONSTRAINT.

searchOptimizationAction ::=
  {
     ADD SEARCH OPTIMIZATION [
       ON <search_method_with_target> [ , <search_method_with_target> ... ]
     ]

   | DROP SEARCH OPTIMIZATION [
       ON { <search_method_with_target> | <column_name> | <expression_id> }
          [ , ... ]
     ]

  }

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For details, see Search Optimization Actions (searchOptimizationAction).

formatTypeOptions ::=
-- If TYPE = CSV
     COMPRESSION = AUTO | GZIP | BZ2 | BROTLI | ZSTD | DEFLATE | RAW_DEFLATE | NONE
     RECORD_DELIMITER = '<character>' | NONE
     FIELD_DELIMITER = '<character>' | NONE
     FILE_EXTENSION = '<string>'
     PARSE_HEADER = TRUE | FALSE
     SKIP_HEADER = <integer>
     SKIP_BLANK_LINES = TRUE | FALSE
     DATE_FORMAT = '<string>' | AUTO
     TIME_FORMAT = '<string>' | AUTO
     TIMESTAMP_FORMAT = '<string>' | AUTO
     BINARY_FORMAT = HEX | BASE64 | UTF8
     ESCAPE = '<character>' | NONE
     ESCAPE_UNENCLOSED_FIELD = '<character>' | NONE
     TRIM_SPACE = TRUE | FALSE
     FIELD_OPTIONALLY_ENCLOSED_BY = '<character>' | NONE
     NULL_IF = ( '<string>' [ , '<string>' ... ] )
     ERROR_ON_COLUMN_COUNT_MISMATCH = TRUE | FALSE
     REPLACE_INVALID_CHARACTERS = TRUE | FALSE
     EMPTY_FIELD_AS_NULL = TRUE | FALSE
     SKIP_BYTE_ORDER_MARK = TRUE | FALSE
     ENCODING = '<string>' | UTF8
-- If TYPE = JSON
     COMPRESSION = AUTO | GZIP | BZ2 | BROTLI | ZSTD | DEFLATE | RAW_DEFLATE | NONE
     DATE_FORMAT = '<string>' | AUTO
     TIME_FORMAT = '<string>' | AUTO
     TIMESTAMP_FORMAT = '<string>' | AUTO
     BINARY_FORMAT = HEX | BASE64 | UTF8
     TRIM_SPACE = TRUE | FALSE
     NULL_IF = ( '<string>' [ , '<string>' ... ] )
     FILE_EXTENSION = '<string>'
     ENABLE_OCTAL = TRUE | FALSE
     ALLOW_DUPLICATE = TRUE | FALSE
     STRIP_OUTER_ARRAY = TRUE | FALSE
     STRIP_NULL_VALUES = TRUE | FALSE
     REPLACE_INVALID_CHARACTERS = TRUE | FALSE
     IGNORE_UTF8_ERRORS = TRUE | FALSE
     SKIP_BYTE_ORDER_MARK = TRUE | FALSE
-- If TYPE = AVRO
     COMPRESSION = AUTO | GZIP | BROTLI | ZSTD | DEFLATE | RAW_DEFLATE | NONE
     TRIM_SPACE = TRUE | FALSE
     NULL_IF = ( '<string>' [ , '<string>' ... ] )
-- If TYPE = ORC
     TRIM_SPACE = TRUE | FALSE
     NULL_IF = ( '<string>' [ , '<string>' ... ] )
-- If TYPE = PARQUET
     COMPRESSION = AUTO | LZO | SNAPPY | NONE
     SNAPPY_COMPRESSION = TRUE | FALSE
     BINARY_AS_TEXT = TRUE | FALSE
     TRIM_SPACE = TRUE | FALSE
     NULL_IF = ( '<string>' [ , '<string>' ... ] )
-- If TYPE = XML
     COMPRESSION = AUTO | GZIP | BZ2 | BROTLI | ZSTD | DEFLATE | RAW_DEFLATE | NONE
     IGNORE_UTF8_ERRORS = TRUE | FALSE
     PRESERVE_SPACE = TRUE | FALSE
     STRIP_OUTER_ELEMENT = TRUE | FALSE
     DISABLE_SNOWFLAKE_DATA = TRUE | FALSE
     DISABLE_AUTO_CONVERT = TRUE | FALSE
     SKIP_BYTE_ORDER_MARK = TRUE | FALSE

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copyOptions ::=
     ON_ERROR = { CONTINUE | SKIP_FILE | SKIP_FILE_<num> | 'SKIP_FILE_<num>%' | ABORT_STATEMENT }
     SIZE_LIMIT = <num>
     PURGE = TRUE | FALSE
     RETURN_FAILED_ONLY = TRUE | FALSE
     MATCH_BY_COLUMN_NAME = CASE_SENSITIVE | CASE_INSENSITIVE | NONE
     ENFORCE_LENGTH = TRUE | FALSE
     TRUNCATECOLUMNS = TRUE | FALSE
     FORCE = TRUE | FALSE

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Parameters¶

name

Identifier for the table to alter. If the identifier contains spaces or special characters, the entire string must be enclosed in double quotes. Identifiers enclosed in double quotes are also case-sensitive.

RENAME TO new_table_name

Renames the specified table with a new identifier that is not currently used by any other tables in the schema.

For more details about table identifiers, see Identifier Requirements.

You can move the object to a different database and/or schema while optionally renaming the object. To do so, specify a qualified new_name value that includes the new database and/or schema name in the form db_name.schema_name.object_name or schema_name.object_name, respectively.

Note

• The destination database and/or schema must already exist. In addition, an object with the same name cannot already exist in the new location; otherwise, the statement returns an error.

• Moving an object to a managed access schema is prohibited unless the object owner (i.e. the role that has the OWNERSHIP privilege on the object) also owns the target schema.

When an object (table, column, etc.) is renamed, other objects that reference it must be updated with the new name.

SWAP WITH target_table_name

Swap renames two tables in a single transaction.

Note that swapping a permanent or transient table with a temporary table, which persists only for the duration of the user session in which it was created, is not allowed. This restriction prevents a naming conflict that could occur when a temporary table is swapped with a permanent or transient table, and an existing permanent or transient table has the same name as the temporary table. To swap a permanent or transient table with a temporary table, use three ALTER TABLE ... RENAME TO statements: Rename table a to c, b to a, and then c to b.

SET ...

Specifies one or more properties/parameters to set for the table (separated by blank spaces, commas, or new lines):

STAGE_FILE_FORMAT = ( FORMAT_NAME = 'file_format_name' ) or . STAGE_FILE_FORMAT = ( TYPE = CSV | JSON | AVRO | ORC | PARQUET | XML [ ... ] )

Modifies the default file format for the table (for data loading and unloading), which can be either:

FORMAT_NAME = file_format_name

Specifies an existing file format object to use for loading/unloading data. The specified file format object determines the format type (CSV, JSON, etc.) and other format options for data files.

Note that no additional format options are specified in the string. Instead, the named file format object defines the other file format options used for loading/unloading data. For more information, see CREATE FILE FORMAT.

TYPE = CSV | JSON | AVRO | ORC | PARQUET | XML [ ... ]

Specifies the type of files to load/unload. Additional format-specific options can be included in the string. For more details, see Format Type Options (in this topic).

Note

FORMAT_NAME and TYPE are mutually exclusive; you can only specify one or the other for a table.

STAGE_COPY_OPTIONS = ( ... )

Modifies the copy options to use when loading data from files into the table. For more details, see Copy Options (in this topic).

DATA_RETENTION_TIME_IN_DAYS = integer

Object-level parameter that modifies the retention period for the table for Time Travel. For more details, see Understanding & Using Time Travel and Working with Temporary and Transient Tables.

For a detailed description of this parameter, as well as more information about object parameters, see Parameters.

Values:

• Standard Edition: 0 or 1

• Enterprise Edition:

  • 0 to 90 for permanent tables

  • 0 or 1 for temporary and transient tables

Note

A value of 0 effectively disables Time Travel for the table.

MAX_DATA_EXTENSION_TIME_IN_DAYS = integer

Object parameter that specifies the maximum number of days for which Snowflake can extend the data retention period for the table to prevent streams on the table from becoming stale.

For a detailed description of this parameter, see MAX_DATA_EXTENSION_TIME_IN_DAYS.

CHANGE_TRACKING = TRUE | FALSE

Specifies to enable or disable change tracking on the table.

• TRUE enables change tracking on the table. This option adds several hidden columns to the source table and begins storing change tracking metadata in the columns. These columns consume a small amount of storage.

  The change tracking metadata can be queried using the CHANGES clause for SELECT statements, or by creating and querying one or more streams on the table.

• FALSE disables change tracking on the table. Associated hidden columns are dropped from the table.

DEFAULT_DDL_COLLATION = 'collation_specification'

Specifies a default collation specification for any new columns added to the table.

Setting the parameter does not change the collation specification for any existing columns.

For more details about the parameter, see DEFAULT_DDL_COLLATION.

TAG tag_name = 'tag_value' [ , tag_name = 'tag_value' , ... ]

Specifies the tag name and the tag string value.

The tag value is always a string, and the maximum number of characters for the tag value is 256.

For details about specifying tags in a statement, refer to Tag Quotas for Objects & Columns.

ENABLE_SCHEMA_EVOLUTION = { TRUE | FALSE }

Preview Feature — Open

Available to all accounts.

Enables or disables automatic changes to the table schema from data loaded into the table from source files, including:

• Added columns.

  By default, schema evolution is limited to a maximum of 10 added columns per load operation. To request more than 10 added columns per load operation, contact Snowflake Support.

• The NOT NULL constraint can be dropped from any number of columns missing in new data files.

Setting it to TRUE enables automatic table schema evolution. The default FALSE disables automatic table schema evolution.

Note

Loading data from files evolves the table columns when all of the following are true:

• The COPY INTO <table> statement includes the MATCH_BY_COLUMN_NAME option.

• The role used to load the data has the EVOLVE SCHEMA or OWNERSHIP privilege on the table.

Additionally, for schema evolution with CSV, when used with MATCH_BY_COLUMN_NAME and PARSE_HEADER, ERROR_ON_COLUMN_COUNT_MISMATCH must be set to false.

COMMENT = 'string_literal'

Adds a comment or overwrites the existing comment for the table.

UNSET ...

Specifies one or more properties/parameters to unset for the table, which resets them back to their defaults:

• DATA_RETENTION_TIME_IN_DAYS

• MAX_DATA_EXTENSION_TIME_IN_DAYS

• CHANGE_TRACKING

• DEFAULT_DDL_COLLATION

• ENABLE_SCHEMA_EVOLUTION

• TAG tag_name [ , tag_name ... ]

• COMMENT

policy_name

Identifier for the masking policy or row access policy; must be unique for your schema.

ADD ROW ACCESS POLICY policy_name ON (col_name [ , ... ])

Adds a row access policy to a table.

At least one column name must be specified. Additional columns can be specified with a comma separating each column name. Use this expression to add a row access policy to both a table and an external table.

DROP ROW ACCESS POLICY policy_name

Drops a row access policy from a table.

Use this expression to drop a policy from both a table and an external table.

DROP ALL ROW ACCESS POLICIES

Drops all row access policy associations from a table.

This expression is helpful when a row access policy is dropped from a schema before dropping the policy from a table. Use this expression to drop row access policy associations from both a table and an external table.

Clustering Actions (clusteringAction)¶

CLUSTER BY ( expr [ , expr , ... ] )

Specifies (or modifies) one or more table columns or column expressions as the clustering key for the table. These are the columns/expressions for which clustering is maintained by Automatic Clustering.

Important

Clustering keys are not intended or recommended for all tables; they typically benefit very large (i.e. multi-terabyte) tables.

Before you specify a clustering key for a table, please see Understanding Snowflake Table Structures.

RECLUSTER ...

Deprecated

Performs manual, incremental reclustering of a table that has a clustering key defined:

MAX_SIZE = budget_in_bytes

Deprecated — use a larger warehouse to achieve more effective manual reclustering

Specifies the upper-limit on the amount of data (in bytes) in the table to recluster.

WHERE condition

Specifies a condition or range on which to recluster data in the table.

Note

Only roles with the OWNERSHIP or INSERT privilege on a table can recluster the table.

SUSPEND | RESUME RECLUSTER

Enables or disables Automatic Clustering for the table.

DROP CLUSTERING KEY

Drops the clustering key for the table.

For more information about clustering keys and reclustering, see Understanding Snowflake Table Structures.

Table Column Actions (tableColumnAction)¶

ADD [ COLUMN ] col_name col_data_type . [ DEFAULT | AUTOINCREMENT ... ] . [ inlineConstraint ] . [ [ WITH ] MASKING POLICY policy_name ] . [ [ WITH ] TAG ( tag_name = 'tag_value' [ , tag_name = 'tag_value' , ... ] ) ] [ , ...]

Adds a new column that can optionally contain a default, inline constraint, masking policy, and/or one or more tags to the table. For additional details, see:

• CREATE TABLE

• CREATE | ALTER TABLE … CONSTRAINT

• CREATE MASKING POLICY

• CREATE TAG

This operation can be performed on multiple columns in the same command.

RENAME COLUMN col_name to new_col_name

Renames the specified column to a new name that is not currently used for any other columns in the table.

You cannot rename a column that is part of a clustering key.

When an object (table, column, etc.) is renamed, other objects that reference it must be updated with the new name.

ALTER | MODIFY [ COLUMN ] ...

Modifies one or more properties for a column. This operation can be performed on multiple columns in the same command.

For detailed syntax and examples for altering columns, see ALTER TABLE … ALTER COLUMN.

USING ( col_name , cond_col_1 ... )

Specifies the arguments to pass into the conditional masking policy SQL expression.

The first column in the list specifies the column for the policy conditions to mask or tokenize the data and must match the column to which the masking policy is set.

The additional columns specify the columns to evaluate to determine whether to mask or tokenize the data in each row of the query result when a query is made on the first column.

If the USING clause is omitted, Snowflake treats the conditional masking policy as a normal masking policy.

FORCE

Replaces a masking policy that is currently set on a column with a different masking policy in a single statement.

Note that using the FORCE keyword requires the data type of the policy in the ALTER TABLE statement (i.e. STRING) to match the data type of the masking policy currently set on the column (i.e. STRING).

If a masking policy is not currently set on the column, specifying this keyword has no effect.

For details, see: Replace a Masking Policy on a Column.

DROP COLUMN col_name [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

Removes the specified column from the table.

Dropping a column is a metadata-only operation. It does not immediately re-write the micro-partition(s) and therefore does not immediately free up the space used by the column. Typically, the space within an individual micro-partition is freed the next time that the micro-partition is re-written, which is typically when a write is done either due to DML (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE) or re-clustering.

External Table Column Actions (extTableColumnAction)¶

For all other external table modifications, see ALTER EXTERNAL TABLE.

ADD [ COLUMN ] <col_name> <col_type> AS ( <expr> ) [, ...]

Adds a new column to the external table.

This operation can be performed on multiple columns in the same command.

col_name

String that specifies the column identifier (i.e. name). All the requirements for table identifiers also apply to column identifiers.

For more details, see Identifier Requirements.

col_type

String (constant) that specifies the data type for the column. The data type must match the result of expr for the column.

For details about the data types that can be specified for table columns, see Data Types.

expr

String that specifies the expression for the column. When queried, the column returns results derived from this expression.

External table columns are virtual columns, which are defined using an explicit expression. Add virtual columns as expressions using the VALUE column and/or the METADATA$FILENAME pseudocolumn:

VALUE

A VARIANT type column that represents a single row in the external file.

CSV

The VALUE column structures each row as an object with elements identified by column position (i.e. {c1: <column_1_value>, c2: <column_2_value>, c3: <column_1_value> ...}).

For example, add a VARCHAR column named mycol that references the first column in the staged CSV files:

mycol varchar as (value:c1::varchar)

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Semi-structured data

Enclose element names and values in double-quotes. Traverse the path in the VALUE column using dot notation.

For example, suppose the following represents a single row of semi-structured data in a staged file:

{ "a":"1", "b": { "c":"2", "d":"3" } }

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Add a VARCHAR column named mycol that references the nested repeating c element in the staged file:

mycol varchar as (value:"b"."c"::varchar)

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METADATA$FILENAME

A pseudocolumn that identifies the name of each staged data file included in the external table, including its path in the stage.

RENAME COLUMN col_name to new_col_name

Renames the specified column to a new name that is not currently used for any other columns in the external table.

DROP COLUMN col_name

Removes the specified column from the external table.

Constraint Actions (constraintAction)¶

ADD CONSTRAINT

Adds an out-of-line integrity constraint to one or more columns in the table. To add an inline constraint (for a column), see Column Actions (in this topic).

RENAME CONSTRAINT constraint_name TO new_constraint_name

Renames the specified constraint.

ALTER | MODIFY CONSTRAINT ...

Alters the properties for the specified constraint.

DROP CONSTRAINT constraint_name | PRIMARY KEY | UNIQUE | FOREIGN KEY ( col_name [ , ... ] ) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

Drops the specified constraint for the specified column or set of columns.

For detailed syntax and examples for adding or altering constraints, see CREATE | ALTER TABLE … CONSTRAINT.

Search Optimization Actions (searchOptimizationAction)¶

ADD SEARCH OPTIMIZATION

Adds search optimization for the entire table or, if you specify the optional ON clause, for specific columns.

Note:

• Search optimization can be expensive to maintain, especially if the data in the table changes frequently. For more information, see Managing the Costs of the Search Optimization Service.

• If you try to add search optimization on a materialized view, Snowflake returns an error message.

ON search_method_with_target [, search_method_with_target ... ]

Specifies that you want to configure search optimization for specific columns or VARIANT fields (rather than the entire table).

For search_method_with_target, use an expression with the following syntax:

<search_method>(<target> [, ...])

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Where:

• search_method specifies one of the following methods that optimizes queries for a particular type of predicate:

  Search Method	Description
  EQUALITY	Equality and IN predicates.
  SUBSTRING	Predicates that match substrings and regular expressions (e.g. LIKE, ILIKE, RLIKE, REGEXP_LIKE, etc.)
  GEO	Predicates that use GEOGRAPHY types.

• target specifies the column, VARIANT field, or an asterisk (*).

  Depending on the value of search_method, you can specify a column or VARIANT field of one of the following types:

  Search Method	Supported Targets
  EQUALITY	Columns of numerical, string, binary, and VARIANT data types, including paths to fields in VARIANTs. To specify a VARIANT field, use a colon-delimited path to the field (e.g. my_column:my_field_name:my_nested_field_name), or use dot or bracket notation (e.g. my_column:my_field_name.my_nested_field_name or my_column['my_field_name']['my_nested_field_name']). When you specify a VARIANT field, the configuration applies to all nested fields under that field. For example, suppose that you specify ON EQUALITY(src:a.b): This configuration can improve queries on src:a.b and on any nested fields (e.g. src:a.b.c, src:a.b.c.d, etc.). This configuration does not affect queries that do not use the src:a.b prefix (e.g. src:a, src:z, etc.).
  SUBSTRING	Columns of string data types.
  GEO	Columns of the GEOGRAPHY data type.

  To specify all applicable columns in the table as targets, use an asterisk (*).

  Note that you cannot specify both an asterisk and specific column names for a given search method. However, you can specify an asterisk in different search methods.

  For example, you can specify the following expressions:

  -- Allowed
  ON SUBSTRING(*)
  ON EQUALITY(*), SUBSTRING(*), GEO(*)
  

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  You cannot specify the following expressions:

  -- Not allowed
  ON EQUALITY(*, c1)
  ON EQUALITY(c1, *)
  ON EQUALITY(v1:path, *)
  ON EQUALITY(c1), EQUALITY(*)
  

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To specify more than one search method on a target, use a comma to separate each subsequent method and target:

ALTER TABLE t1 ADD SEARCH OPTIMIZATION ON EQUALITY(c1), EQUALITY(c2, c3);

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If you run the ALTER TABLE … ADD SEARCH OPTIMIZATION ON … command multiple times on the same table, each subsequent command adds to the existing configuration for the table. For example, suppose that you run the following commands:

ALTER TABLE t1 ADD SEARCH OPTIMIZATION ON EQUALITY(c1, c2);
ALTER TABLE t1 ADD SEARCH OPTIMIZATION ON EQUALITY(c3, c4);

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This adds equality predicates for the columns c1, c2, c3, and c4 to the configuration for the table. This is equivalent to running the command:

ALTER TABLE t1 ADD SEARCH OPTIMIZATION ON EQUALITY(c1, c2, c3, c4);

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For examples, see Configuring Search Optimization for Specific Columns.

DROP SEARCH OPTIMIZATION

Removes search optimization for the entire table or, if you specify the optional ON clause, from specific columns.

Note:

• If a table has the search optimization property, then dropping the table and undropping it preserves the search optimization property.

• Removing the search optimization property from a table and then adding it back incurs the same cost as adding it the first time.

ON search_method_with_target | column_name | expression_id [, ... ]

Specifies that you want to drop the search optimization configuration for specific columns or VARIANT fields (rather than dropping search optimization for the entire table).

To identify the column configuration to drop, specify one of the following:

• For search_method_with_target, specify a method for optimizing queries for one or more specific targets, which can be columns or VARIANT fields. Use the syntax described earlier.

• For column_name, specify the name of the column configured for search optimization. Specifying the column name drops all expressions for that column, including expressions that use VARIANT fields in the column.

• For expression_id, specify the ID for an expression listed in the output of the DESCRIBE SEARCH OPTIMIZATION command.

To specify more than one of these, use a comma between items.

You can specify any combination of search methods with targets, column names, and expression IDs.

For examples, see Dropping Search Optimization for Specific Columns.

Format Type Options (formatTypeOptions)¶

Format type options are used for loading data into and unloading data out of tables.

Depending on the file format type specified (STAGE_FILE_FORMAT = ( TYPE = ... )), you can include one or more of the following format-specific options (separated by blank spaces, commas, or new lines):

Copy Options (copyOptions)¶

Copy options are used for loading data into and unloading data out of tables.

You can specify one or more of the following copy options (separated by blank spaces, commas, or new lines):

ON_ERROR = CONTINUE | SKIP_FILE | SKIP_FILE_num | 'SKIP_FILE_num%' | ABORT_STATEMENT

Use

Data loading only

Definition

String (constant) that specifies the error handling for the load operation.

Important

Carefully consider the ON_ERROR copy option value. The default value is appropriate in common scenarios, but is not always the best option.

Values

• CONTINUE

  Continue to load the file if errors are found. The COPY statement returns an error message for a maximum of one error found per data file.

  Note that the difference between the ROWS_PARSED and ROWS_LOADED column values represents the number of rows that include detected errors. However, each of these rows could include multiple errors. To view all errors in the data files, use the VALIDATION_MODE parameter or query the VALIDATE function.

• SKIP_FILE

  Skip a file when an error is found.

  Note that the SKIP_FILE action buffers an entire file whether errors are found or not. For this reason, SKIP_FILE is slower than either CONTINUE or ABORT_STATEMENT. Skipping large files due to a small number of errors could result in delays and wasted credits. When loading large numbers of records from files that have no logical delineation (e.g. the files were generated automatically at rough intervals), consider specifying CONTINUE instead.

  Additional patterns:

  SKIP_FILE_num (e.g. SKIP_FILE_10)

  Skip a file when the number of error rows found in the file is equal to or exceeds the specified number.

  'SKIP_FILE_num%' (e.g. 'SKIP_FILE_10%')

  Skip a file when the percentage of error rows found in the file exceeds the specified percentage.

• ABORT_STATEMENT

  Abort the load operation if any error is found in a data file.

  Note that the load operation is not aborted if the data file cannot be found (e.g. because it does not exist or cannot be accessed), except when data files explicitly specified in the FILES parameter cannot be found.

Default

Bulk loading using COPY

ABORT_STATEMENT

Snowpipe

SKIP_FILE

SIZE_LIMIT = num

Use

Data loading only

Definition

Number (> 0) that specifies the maximum size (in bytes) of data to be loaded for a given COPY statement. When the threshold is exceeded, the COPY operation discontinues loading files. This option is commonly used to load a common group of files using multiple COPY statements. For each statement, the data load continues until the specified SIZE_LIMIT is exceeded, before moving on to the next statement.

For example, suppose a set of files in a stage path were each 10 MB in size. If multiple COPY statements set SIZE_LIMIT to 25000000 (25 MB), each would load 3 files. That is, each COPY operation would discontinue after the SIZE_LIMIT threshold was exceeded.

Note that at least one file is loaded regardless of the value specified for SIZE_LIMIT unless there is no file to be loaded.

Default

null (no size limit)

PURGE = TRUE | FALSE

Use

Data loading only

Definition

Boolean that specifies whether to remove the data files from the stage automatically after the data is loaded successfully.

If this option is set to TRUE, note that a best effort is made to remove successfully loaded data files. If the purge operation fails for any reason, no error is returned currently. We recommend that you list staged files periodically (using LIST) and manually remove successfully loaded files, if any exist.

Default

FALSE

RETURN_FAILED_ONLY = TRUE | FALSE

Use

Data loading only

Definition

Boolean that specifies whether to return only files that have failed to load in the statement result.

Default

FALSE

MATCH_BY_COLUMN_NAME = CASE_SENSITIVE | CASE_INSENSITIVE | NONE

Use

Data loading only

Definition

String that specifies whether to load semi-structured data into columns in the target table that match corresponding columns represented in the data.

This copy option is supported for the following data formats:

• JSON

• Avro

• ORC

• Parquet

For a column to match, the following criteria must be true:

• The column represented in the data must have the exact same name as the column in the table. The copy option supports case sensitivity for column names. Column order does not matter.

• The column in the table must have a data type that is compatible with the values in the column represented in the data. For example, string, number, and Boolean values can all be loaded into a variant column.

Values

CASE_SENSITIVE | CASE_INSENSITIVE

Load semi-structured data into columns in the target table that match corresponding columns represented in the data. Column names are either case-sensitive (CASE_SENSITIVE) or case-insensitive (CASE_INSENSITIVE).

The COPY operation verifies that at least one column in the target table matches a column represented in the data files. If a match is found, the values in the data files are loaded into the column or columns. If no match is found, a set of NULL values for each record in the files is loaded into the table.

Note

• If additional non-matching columns are present in the data files, the values in these columns are not loaded.

• If additional non-matching columns are present in the target table, the COPY operation inserts NULL values into these columns. These columns must support NULL values.

• The COPY statement does not allow specifying a query to further transform the data during the load (i.e. COPY transformation).

NONE

The COPY operation loads the semi-structured data into a variant column or, if a query is included in the COPY statement, transforms the data.

Note

The following limitations currently apply:

• MATCH_BY_COLUMN_NAME cannot be used with the VALIDATION_MODE parameter in a COPY statement to validate the staged data rather than load it into the target table.

• Parquet data only. When MATCH_BY_COLUMN_NAME is set to CASE_SENSITIVE or CASE_INSENSITIVE, an empty column value (e.g. "col1": "") produces an error.

Default

NONE

ENFORCE_LENGTH = TRUE | FALSE

Use

Data loading only

Definition

Alternative syntax for TRUNCATECOLUMNS with reverse logic (for compatibility with other systems)

Boolean that specifies whether to truncate text strings that exceed the target column length:

• If TRUE, the COPY statement produces an error if a loaded string exceeds the target column length.

• If FALSE, strings are automatically truncated to the target column length.

This copy option supports CSV data, as well as string values in semi-structured data when loaded into separate columns in relational tables.

Note

• If the length of the target string column is set to the maximum (e.g. VARCHAR (16777216)), an incoming string cannot exceed this length; otherwise, the COPY command produces an error.

• This parameter is functionally equivalent to TRUNCATECOLUMNS, but has the opposite behavior. It is provided for compatibility with other databases. It is only necessary to include one of these two parameters in a COPY statement to produce the desired output.

Default

TRUE

TRUNCATECOLUMNS = TRUE | FALSE

Use

Data loading only

Definition

Alternative syntax for ENFORCE_LENGTH with reverse logic (for compatibility with other systems)

Boolean that specifies whether to truncate text strings that exceed the target column length:

• If TRUE, strings are automatically truncated to the target column length.

• If FALSE, the COPY statement produces an error if a loaded string exceeds the target column length.

This copy option supports CSV data, as well as string values in semi-structured data when loaded into separate columns in relational tables.

Note

• If the length of the target string column is set to the maximum (e.g. VARCHAR (16777216)), an incoming string cannot exceed this length; otherwise, the COPY command produces an error.

• This parameter is functionally equivalent to ENFORCE_LENGTH, but has the opposite behavior. It is provided for compatibility with other databases. It is only necessary to include one of these two parameters in a COPY statement to produce the desired output.

Default

FALSE

FORCE = TRUE | FALSE

Use

Data loading only

Definition

Boolean that specifies to load all files, regardless of whether they’ve been loaded previously and have not changed since they were loaded. Note that this option reloads files, potentially duplicating data in a table.

Default

FALSE

Usage Notes¶

• Changes to a table are not automatically propagated to views created on that table. For example, if you drop a column in a table, and a view is defined to include that column, the view becomes invalid; the view is not adjusted to remove the column.

• Dropping a column does not necessarily free up the column’s storage space immediately.

  • The space in each micro-partition is not reclaimed until that micro-partition is re-written. Write operations (insert, update, delete, etc.) on 1 or more rows in that micro-partition cause the micro-partition to be re-written. If you want to force space to be reclaimed, you can forcibly update every row in the table, or you can use CREATE TABLE AS ... to create a new table that contains only the columns of the old table that you want to keep, and then you can drop the old table. Either of these operations can be expensive if the remaining volume of data in the table is large.

  • If the table is protected by the Time Travel feature, the space used by the Time Travel storage is not reclaimed until the Time Travel retention period expires.

• If a new column with a default value is added to a table with existing rows, all of the existing rows are populated with the default value.

• Adding a new column with a default value containing a function is not currently supported. The following error is returned:

  Invalid column default expression (expr)

• To alter a table, you must be using a role that has ownership privilege on the table.

• To add clustering to a table, you must also have USAGE or OWNERSHIP privileges on the schema and database that contain the table.

• For masking policies:

  • The USING clause and the FORCE keyword are both optional; neither are required to set a masking policy on a column. The USING clause and the FORCE keyword can be used separately or together. For details, see:

    • Apply a Conditional Masking Policy on a Column

    • Replace a Masking Policy on a Column

  • A single masking policy that uses conditional columns can be applied to multiple tables provided that the column structure of the table matches the columns specified in the policy.

  • When modifying one or more table columns with a masking policy or the table itself with a row access policy, use the POLICY_CONTEXT function to simulate a query on the column(s) protected by a masking policy and the table protected by a row access policy.

• For row access policies:

  • Snowflake supports adding and dropping row access policies in a single SQL statement.

    For example, to replace a row access policy that is already set on a table with a different policy, drop the row access policy first and then add the new row access policy.

  • For a given resource (i.e. table or view), to ADD or DROP a row access policy you must have either the APPLY ROW ACCESS POLICY privilege on the schema, or the OWNERSHIP privilege on the resource and the APPLY privilege on the row access policy resource.

  • A table or view can only be protected by one row access policy at a time. Adding a policy fails if the policy body refers to a table or view column that is protected by a row access policy or the column protected by a masking policy.

    Similarly, adding a masking policy to a table column fails if the masking policy body refers to a table that is protected by a row access policy or another masking policy.

  • Row access policies cannot be applied to system views or table functions.

  • Similar to other DROP <object> operations, Snowflake returns an error if attempting to drop a row access policy from a resource that does not have a row access policy added to it.

  • If an object has both a row access policy and one or more masking policies, the row access policy is evaluated first.

• If you create a foreign key, then the columns in the REFERENCES clause must be listed in the same order as the columns were listed for the primary key. For example:

  create table parent ... constraint primary_key_1 primary key (c_1, c_2) ...
  create table child  ... constraint foreign_key_1 foreign key (...) REFERENCES parent (c_1, c_2) ...
  

  Copy

  In both cases, the order of the columns is c_1, c_2. If the order of the columns in the foreign key had been different (e.g. c_2, c_1), then the attempt to create the foreign key would have failed.

• Regarding metadata:

  Attention

  Customers should ensure that no personal data (other than for a User object), sensitive data, export-controlled data, or other regulated data is entered as metadata when using the Snowflake service. For more information, see Metadata Fields in Snowflake.

• ALTER TABLE … CHANGE_TRACKING = TRUE

  • When a table is altered to enable change tracking, the table is locked for the duration of the operation. Locks can cause latency with some associated DDL/DML operations. For more information, refer to Resource Locking.

Examples¶

Rename table t1 to a1:

CREATE OR REPLACE TABLE t1(a1 number);

SHOW TABLES LIKE 't1';

---------------------------------+------+---------------+-------------+-------+---------+------------+------+-------+--------+----------------+
           created_on            | name | database_name | schema_name | kind  | comment | cluster_by | rows | bytes | owner  | retention_time |
---------------------------------+------+---------------+-------------+-------+---------+------------+------+-------+--------+----------------+
 Tue, 17 Mar 2015 16:52:33 -0700 | T1   | TESTDB        | MY_SCHEMA   | TABLE |         |            | 0    | 0     | PUBLIC | 1              |
---------------------------------+------+---------------+-------------+-------+---------+------------+------+-------+--------+----------------+

ALTER TABLE t1 RENAME TO tt1;

SHOW TABLES LIKE 'tt1';

---------------------------------+------+---------------+-------------+-------+---------+------------+------+-------+--------+----------------+
           created_on            | name | database_name | schema_name | kind  | comment | cluster_by | rows | bytes | owner  | retention_time |
---------------------------------+------+---------------+-------------+-------+---------+------------+------+-------+--------+----------------+
 Tue, 17 Mar 2015 16:52:33 -0700 | TT1  | TESTDB        | MY_SCHEMA   | TABLE |         |            | 0    | 0     | PUBLIC | 1              |
---------------------------------+------+---------------+-------------+-------+---------+------------+------+-------+--------+----------------+

Copy

Swap tables t1 and t2:

CREATE OR REPLACE TABLE t1(a1 number, a2 varchar, a3 date);
CREATE OR REPLACE TABLE t2(b1 varchar);

DESC TABLE t1;

------+-------------------+--------+-------+---------+-------------+------------+--------+------------+---------+
 name |       type        |  kind  | null? | default | primary key | unique key | check  | expression | comment |
------+-------------------+--------+-------+---------+-------------+------------+--------+------------+---------+
 A1   | NUMBER(38,0)      | COLUMN | Y     | [NULL]  | N           | N          | [NULL] | [NULL]     | [NULL]  |
 A2   | VARCHAR(16777216) | COLUMN | Y     | [NULL]  | N           | N          | [NULL] | [NULL]     | [NULL]  |
 A3   | DATE              | COLUMN | Y     | [NULL]  | N           | N          | [NULL] | [NULL]     | [NULL]  |
------+-------------------+--------+-------+---------+-------------+------------+--------+------------+---------+

DESC TABLE t2;

------+-------------------+--------+-------+---------+-------------+------------+--------+------------+---------+
 name |       type        |  kind  | null? | default | primary key | unique key | check  | expression | comment |
------+-------------------+--------+-------+---------+-------------+------------+--------+------------+---------+
 B1   | VARCHAR(16777216) | COLUMN | Y     | [NULL]  | N           | N          | [NULL] | [NULL]     | [NULL]  |
------+-------------------+--------+-------+---------+-------------+------------+--------+------------+---------+

ALTER TABLE t1 SWAP WITH t2;

DESC TABLE t1;

------+-------------------+--------+-------+---------+-------------+------------+--------+------------+---------+
 name |       type        |  kind  | null? | default | primary key | unique key | check  | expression | comment |
------+-------------------+--------+-------+---------+-------------+------------+--------+------------+---------+
 B1   | VARCHAR(16777216) | COLUMN | Y     | [NULL]  | N           | N          | [NULL] | [NULL]     | [NULL]  |
------+-------------------+--------+-------+---------+-------------+------------+--------+------------+---------+

DESC TABLE t2;

------+-------------------+--------+-------+---------+-------------+------------+--------+------------+---------+
 name |       type        |  kind  | null? | default | primary key | unique key | check  | expression | comment |
------+-------------------+--------+-------+---------+-------------+------------+--------+------------+---------+
 A1   | NUMBER(38,0)      | COLUMN | Y     | [NULL]  | N           | N          | [NULL] | [NULL]     | [NULL]  |
 A2   | VARCHAR(16777216) | COLUMN | Y     | [NULL]  | N           | N          | [NULL] | [NULL]     | [NULL]  |
 A3   | DATE              | COLUMN | Y     | [NULL]  | N           | N          | [NULL] | [NULL]     | [NULL]  |
------+-------------------+--------+-------+---------+-------------+------------+--------+------------+---------+

Copy

Add columns to table t1, then rename a column and drop a column in the table:

CREATE OR REPLACE TABLE t1(a1 number);

DESC TABLE t1;

------+--------------+--------+-------+---------+-------------+------------+--------+------------+---------+
 name |     type     |  kind  | null? | default | primary key | unique key | check  | expression | comment |
------+--------------+--------+-------+---------+-------------+------------+--------+------------+---------+
 A1   | NUMBER(38,0) | COLUMN | Y     | [NULL]  | N           | N          | [NULL] | [NULL]     | [NULL]  |
------+--------------+--------+-------+---------+-------------+------------+--------+------------+---------+

-- Add a new column to table T1
ALTER TABLE t1 ADD COLUMN a2 number;

-- Add another column with NOT NULL constraint
ALTER TABLE t1 ADD COLUMN a3 number NOT NULL;

-- Add another column with a default value and a NOT NULL constraint
ALTER TABLE t1 ADD COLUMN a4 number DEFAULT 0 NOT NULL;

DESC TABLE t1;

------+--------------+--------+-------+---------+-------------+------------+--------+------------+---------+
 name |     type     |  kind  | null? | default | primary key | unique key | check  | expression | comment |
------+--------------+--------+-------+---------+-------------+------------+--------+------------+---------+
 A1   | NUMBER(38,0) | COLUMN | Y     | [NULL]  | N           | N          | [NULL] | [NULL]     | [NULL]  |
 A2   | NUMBER(38,0) | COLUMN | Y     | [NULL]  | N           | N          | [NULL] | [NULL]     | [NULL]  |
 A3   | NUMBER(38,0) | COLUMN | N     | [NULL]  | N           | N          | [NULL] | [NULL]     | [NULL]  |
 A4   | NUMBER(38,0) | COLUMN | N     | 0       | N           | N          | [NULL] | [NULL]     | [NULL]  |
------+--------------+--------+-------+---------+-------------+------------+--------+------------+---------+

-- Rename a column in table T1
ALTER TABLE t1 RENAME COLUMN a1 TO b1;

DESC TABLE t1;

------+--------------+--------+-------+---------+-------------+------------+--------+------------+---------+
 name |     type     |  kind  | null? | default | primary key | unique key | check  | expression | comment |
------+--------------+--------+-------+---------+-------------+------------+--------+------------+---------+
 B1   | NUMBER(38,0) | COLUMN | Y     | [NULL]  | N           | N          | [NULL] | [NULL]     | [NULL]  |
 A2   | NUMBER(38,0) | COLUMN | Y     | [NULL]  | N           | N          | [NULL] | [NULL]     | [NULL]  |
 A3   | NUMBER(38,0) | COLUMN | N     | [NULL]  | N           | N          | [NULL] | [NULL]     | [NULL]  |
 A4   | NUMBER(38,0) | COLUMN | N     | 0       | N           | N          | [NULL] | [NULL]     | [NULL]  |
------+--------------+--------+-------+---------+-------------+------------+--------+------------+---------+

-- Drop a column from table T1
ALTER TABLE t1 DROP COLUMN a2;

DESC TABLE t1;

------+--------------+--------+-------+---------+-------------+------------+--------+------------+---------+
 name |     type     |  kind  | null? | default | primary key | unique key | check  | expression | comment |
------+--------------+--------+-------+---------+-------------+------------+--------+------------+---------+
 B1   | NUMBER(38,0) | COLUMN | Y     | [NULL]  | N           | N          | [NULL] | [NULL]     | [NULL]  |
 A3   | NUMBER(38,0) | COLUMN | N     | [NULL]  | N           | N          | [NULL] | [NULL]     | [NULL]  |
 A4   | NUMBER(38,0) | COLUMN | N     | 0       | N           | N          | [NULL] | [NULL]     | [NULL]  |
------+--------------+--------+-------+---------+-------------+------------+--------+------------+---------+

Copy

Similar to the last example, but add, rename, and drop a column in external table exttable1:

CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE exttable1
  LOCATION=@mystage/logs/
  AUTO_REFRESH = true
  FILE_FORMAT = (TYPE = PARQUET)
  ;

 DESC EXTERNAL TABLE exttable1;

 +-----------+-------------------+-----------+-------+---------+-------------+------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+
 | name      | type              | kind      | null? | default | primary key | unique key | check | expression                                               | comment               |
 |-----------+-------------------+-----------+-------+---------+-------------+------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------|
 | VALUE     | VARIANT           | COLUMN    | Y     | NULL    | N           | N          | NULL  | NULL                                                     | The value of this row |
 +-----------+-------------------+-----------+-------+---------+-------------+------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+

 -- Add a new column to table EXTTABLE1
 ALTER TABLE exttable1 ADD COLUMN a1 varchar AS (value:a1::varchar);

 DESC EXTERNAL TABLE exttable1;

 +-----------+-------------------+-----------+-------+---------+-------------+------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+
 | name      | type              | kind      | null? | default | primary key | unique key | check | expression                                               | comment               |
 |-----------+-------------------+-----------+-------+---------+-------------+------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------|
 | VALUE     | VARIANT           | COLUMN    | Y     | NULL    | N           | N          | NULL  | NULL                                                     | The value of this row |
 | A1        | VARCHAR(16777216) | VIRTUAL   | Y     | NULL    | N           | N          | NULL  | TO_CHAR(GET(VALUE, 'a1'))                                | NULL                  |
 +-----------+-------------------+-----------+-------+---------+-------------+------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+

 -- Rename a column in table T1
 ALTER TABLE exttable1 RENAME COLUMN a1 TO b1;

 DESC EXTERNAL TABLE exttable1;

 +-----------+-------------------+-----------+-------+---------+-------------+------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+
 | name      | type              | kind      | null? | default | primary key | unique key | check | expression                                               | comment               |
 |-----------+-------------------+-----------+-------+---------+-------------+------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------|
 | VALUE     | VARIANT           | COLUMN    | Y     | NULL    | N           | N          | NULL  | NULL                                                     | The value of this row |
 | B1        | VARCHAR(16777216) | VIRTUAL   | Y     | NULL    | N           | N          | NULL  | TO_CHAR(GET(VALUE, 'a1'))                                | NULL                  |
 +-----------+-------------------+-----------+-------+---------+-------------+------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+

 -- Drop a column from table T1
 ALTER TABLE exttable1 DROP COLUMN b1;

 DESC EXTERNAL TABLE exttable1;

 +-----------+-------------------+-----------+-------+---------+-------------+------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+
 | name      | type              | kind      | null? | default | primary key | unique key | check | expression                                               | comment               |
 |-----------+-------------------+-----------+-------+---------+-------------+------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------|
 | VALUE     | VARIANT           | COLUMN    | Y     | NULL    | N           | N          | NULL  | NULL                                                     | The value of this row |
 +-----------+-------------------+-----------+-------+---------+-------------+------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+

Copy

Change the order of the clustering key for a table:

CREATE OR REPLACE TABLE T1 (id NUMBER, date TIMESTAMP_NTZ, name STRING) CLUSTER BY (id, date);

SHOW TABLES LIKE 'T1';

---------------------------------+------+---------------+-------------+-------+---------+------------+------+-------+--------------+----------------+
           created_on            | name | database_name | schema_name | kind  | comment | cluster_by | rows | bytes |    owner     | retention_time |
---------------------------------+------+---------------+-------------+-------+---------+------------+------+-------+--------------+----------------+
 Tue, 21 Jun 2016 15:42:12 -0700 | T1   | TESTDB        | TESTSCHEMA  | TABLE |         | (ID,DATE)  | 0    | 0     | ACCOUNTADMIN | 1              |
---------------------------------+------+---------------+-------------+-------+---------+------------+------+-------+--------------+----------------+

-- Change the order of the clustering key
ALTER TABLE t1 CLUSTER BY (date, id);

SHOW TABLES LIKE 'T1';

---------------------------------+------+---------------+-------------+-------+---------+------------+------+-------+--------------+----------------+
           created_on            | name | database_name | schema_name | kind  | comment | cluster_by | rows | bytes |    owner     | retention_time |
---------------------------------+------+---------------+-------------+-------+---------+------------+------+-------+--------------+----------------+
 Tue, 21 Jun 2016 15:42:12 -0700 | T1   | TESTDB        | TESTSCHEMA  | TABLE |         | (DATE,ID)  | 0    | 0     | ACCOUNTADMIN | 1              |
---------------------------------+------+---------------+-------------+-------+---------+------------+------+-------+--------------+----------------+

Copy

The following example adds a row access policy on a table while specifying a single column. After setting the policy, you can verify by checking the information schema.

alter table t1 add row access policy rap_t1 on (empl_id);

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The following example adds a row access policy while specifying two columns in a single table.

alter table t1
  add row access policy rap_test2 on (cost, item);

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The following example drops a row access policy from a table. Verify the policies were dropped by querying the information schema.

alter table t1 drop row access policy rap_v1;

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The following example shows how to combine adding and dropping row access policies in a single SQL statement for a table. Verify the results by checking the information schema.

alter table t1
  drop row access policy rap_t1_version_1,
  add row access policy rap_t1_version_2 on (empl_id);

Copy